We aimed to provide an overview of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes associated with Cialis, considering the impact of the drug on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal (GI) risk factors.
We used a retrospective cohort of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to identify patients who were prescribed Cialis for at least one year before being diagnosed with ED. This data was derived from the NHIRD, which includes information on prescriptions in the NHIRD database and an overall list of ED medications prescribed to the US population. A retrospective analysis using data from the NHIRD revealed an average number of ED prescriptions per prescription (NPM/PC) in the NHIRD with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-1.04) over a range of 20% to 50% of the NPM/PC. The results indicate that the drug Cialis is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and GI events.
The results of this study suggest that the drug Cialis does not appear to cause a significantly increased cardiovascular or GI risk factor compared with other medications. However, it is important to recognize that the drug Cialis should only be used under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Furthermore, this drug should be used with caution in individuals with cardiovascular disease and in individuals with pre-existing co-morbid conditions such as diabetes.
Citation:Davison AJ, Sharlip R, Sood C, Lee JS, Phelan R, Geddes R, et al. (2015) Cialis and heart rate in men with ED: an observational study of the NHIRD (National Health Insurance Research Database, NHIRD, National Health Insurance Research Database, and Prescription Drug Information). PLoS ONE 9(9): e012496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.012496
Editor:Seth A. O’Brien, Johns Hopkins University, UNITED STATES
Received:March 19, 2013;Accepted:April 17, 2013;Published:April 20, 2013
Copyright:© 2014 Davison et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding:This study was not funded by any commercial party or without a grant from the National Health Insurance Research Database, which is a database of health information for the United States Department of Health and Human Services (WHISH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Cardiovascular disease (CD) affects over one in every 10,000 people worldwide []. Cardiovascular disease can lead to serious complications (including ED and heart failure) [,]. It is estimated that approximately one-half of all adults in the United States, and one-third of all women, will be diagnosed with a cardiovascular disease (CD) within the next five years []. In the United States alone, more than 90% of all adults will be at risk for cardiovascular disease (CD) by age 40 years []. ED is the most common cause of ED and is more common in people under the age of 50 [,].
The incidence of ED increases with age, with the highest rates in the elderly [,]. ED increases with age, with most of the older age-specific incidence being seen in the younger age groups []. The most important risk factor for ED is hypertension []. Hypertension can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality [].
Cialis is the most widely prescribed medication for ED in the United States, with over 50% of all prescriptions for it prescribed within the past five years []. According to a study by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the prevalence of hypertension in the United States is estimated at about 5% per year []. A recent review of the cardiovascular health of adults found that the most important risk factor for ED was hypertension [].
Cialis has been shown to cause some mild side effects. Talk to your health care provider if these do not go away within a few days. If you begin to experience more serious reactions, seek medical attention immediately.
Common side effects reported from Cialis use include:
More severe side effects include:
If you experience any of these side effects, seek medical attention immediately. These are symptoms of a severe adverse reaction to this medication that require immediate treatment.
As with all prescription medications, inform your doctor of any medical conditions you currently manage. Tell them about any and all medications, prescription drugs, and supplements you are taking before starting treatment with Cialis. Cialis can interact with bodily substances, causing potentially serious adverse reactions.
Specifically, you should inform your health care provider of any alpha-blocker, antifungal, HIV protease inhibitor, or high blood pressure medication you are taking. Remember to mention any herbal products you use, especially St. John’s wort.
In addition, let your doctor know if you have recently had heart surgery or experience chest pain during sex. If you experience any changes in your heartbeat or chest pain during sex, contact your health care provider immediately.
Read more about Cialis's effects on sexual function at the. Tadalis 60 mg tablet 20 mg tablet Cialis can also cause some mild side effects. Read more about these side effects on.Cialis can be used with or without food. However, it is important to inform your doctor if you have ever had any kidney, liver, or heart problems.
Cialis can also be taken orally. This is because Cialis can interact with nitrates (medicines used to treat angina) and should be carefully monitored.
Cialis can also be taken with or without food.
Cialis can be taken with or without food.
Cialis works by inhibiting the function of an enzyme called PDE5. This allows the blood vessels in your penis to constrict, making it easier for your penis to get and maintain an erection.
Cialis can only treat erectile dysfunction. If you do experience difficulty getting an erection, Cialis cannot treat erectile dysfunction.
Cialis can only treat erectile dysfunction if you are sexually aroused. If you do have trouble getting an erection, Cialis can be used to treat erectile dysfunction.
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